In section 2 we describe the different components and functions of an anatomical aortic valve. The Navier-Stokes equations are solved by an ALE space-time finite element method with streamline diffusion stabilization implemented in Unicorn ( Hoffman et al., 2012), which is part of the open source software framework FEniCS-HPC ( Jansson, 2013). The fluid-structure interaction problem is described by a unified continuum model, using the conservation laws for mass and momentum and a phase function, which is a novel approach for simulating valve motions. Numerical simulations provide an important insight to the interaction between the blood flow and the leaflets which can be applied to optimize the design of BMVHs or improve technologies as transcatheter aortic valve replacement ( Wu et al., 2016). While surgical treatments of valvular diseases are firmly established, many decisive factors for the performance of the implant are not fully understood yet. Prototypes of a biological valve and bileaflet mechanical heart valve (BMHV) are modeled. In this paper, we present an extension of this work by embedding different geometrical models of aortic valves in the LV and the aorta. The opening and closing of the mitral and aortic valves are modeled by time-dependent velocity and pressure boundary conditions. The movement of the wall is based on ultrasound measurements and an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) space-time finite element method is used to simulate the blood flow by solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. (2015) we focus on the aspect of fluid mechanics, and present a computational model of the blood flow in the left ventricle (LV) of the heart. Our goal is to develop a framework for simulating the intraventricular blood flow, where specific properties such as fluid-structure interaction (FSI) of the aortic valve can be implemented in a modular way without extensive efforts. It is therefore important to be clear on what the research is aiming for. The field of cardiac modeling is extensive, and highly interdisciplinary. In vivo and in vitro studies offer valuable information on the relationship between the blood flow (hemodynamics) and cardiac disease, and advances in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and high performance computing (HPC) enable the usage of computer simulation as an important tool to further enhance our understanding of this relationship. Therefore, developing new ways to support early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction is of vital importance. The World Health Organization ( WHO, 2014) has identified cardiovascular disease as the major cause for death in the world. Computational results are presented to demonstrate the capability of our framework. The discretization is based on an Arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian space-time finite element method with streamline diffusion stabilization, and it is implemented in the open source software Unicorn which shows near optimal scaling up to thousands of cores. The fluid-structure interaction and contact problem are formulated in a unified continuum model using the conservation laws for mass and momentum and a phase function. Numerical simulation of the blood flow in the vicinity of the valve offers the possibility to improve the treatment of aortic valve diseases as aortic stenosis (narrowing of the valve opening) or regurgitation (leaking) and to optimize the design of prosthetic heart valves in a controlled and specific way. In this paper, we extend this model by placing prototypes of both a native and a mechanical aortic valve in the outflow region of the left ventricle. In previous work, we simulated the blood flow in the left ventricle of the heart. This allows us to develop a cardiac model where specific properties of the heart such as fluid-structure interaction of the aortic valve can be added in a modular way without extensive efforts. We apply a computational framework for automated solutions of partial differential equations using Finite Element Methods where any mathematical description directly can be translated to code. The field of cardiac flow simulation is challenging and highly interdisciplinary. Department of Computational Science and Technology, School of Computer Science and Communication, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Swedenĭue to advances in medical imaging, computational fluid dynamics algorithms and high performance computing, computer simulation is developing into an important tool for understanding the relationship between cardiovascular diseases and intraventricular blood flow.Spühler * Johan Jansson Niclas Jansson Johan Hoffman
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